Non-Human Intelligence
The following is an excerpt from the article linked above. It details the intricacies and mysteries of dolphin communication, and discusses the difference between human sensory processing (primarily visual) and dolphin sensory processing (primarily auditory). As it turns out, not only do dolphins have the ability to use language, this ability is complex and unique. Much about dolphins use of language and communication is still unknown. However, this article provides some insight into what is known, and the implications that arise from these discoveries. That which I feel to be particularly intriguing or significant has been bolded/underlined.
"The use of language holds the most promise as a possible area of overlap. There is no question that dolphins communicate with each other in the oceans, as do the whales. Many observations have been recorded that cannot be interpreted any other way. The experience of a fleet of fishing boats in the Antarctic is one example. When several thousand killer whales began killing fish near the boats, the fishing fleet radioed a nearby whaling fleet for help. Several whaling ships arrived and a single killer whale was harpooned. Within a few minutes all the whales had disappeared from the vicinity of the whaling boats, but they went on feeding near the fishing boats not protected by the whalers. But the whalers and the fishermen were both in the same type of boat, the only difference being the harpoon gun attached to the whaling boats. Somehow the killer whales who witnessed the harpooning were able to describe to the other whales how to distinguish a dangerous whaling boat from a harmless fishing boat...
...many observers have witnessed what can only be described as conversations between dolphins. Two dolphins will face each other and each will speak briefly, then listen intently to the other's reply, and speak again. They sometimes remain locked in these intense exchanges for some time. John Lilly has found that dolphins isolated in separate tanks will hold conversations over underwater "telephones" wired between the tanks. Jacques Cousteau once came upon a school of dolphins literally sitting on their tails in a circle on the bottom of a shallow pool, apparently engaged in some kind of meeting. Exactly what they were doing is anyone's guess. Incidents like this demonstrate how little we really know about the activities of dolphins.
Dolphins perceive the world mainly through sound, just as humans are oriented to vision. Their vision is poorer than ours, but their hearing is much more acute. They need such a well-developed sense of hearing because they use a system of sonar navigation just as bats do. They emit clicks and whistles and the returning echoes form an image of their surroundings. This sonar has some interesting side benefits; for instance, it allows the dolphins to "see" within each other's bodies. They might even be able to send each other the equivalent of 3-dimensional images. Imagine speaking a language in which a short phrase could contain a photographic image of person's face! The dolphin's speech and hearing both cover a much wider range than a human's. Their communication seems to extend from about 500 to 80,000 cycles per second. By contrast, human speech covers only the range from 100 to 5000 cps. Dolphins can hear sounds as high as 200,000 cps. They have several means of producing sound and can independently emit at least three different sounds at once. What this all adds up to is an extremely efficient means of communication. Lilly estimates that dolphins can take in 20 times as much information through their ears as humans can. So they have the physical capability, at least, to use languages much more sophisticated than our own."
"The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated” -Mahatma Gandhi
On Violence and Discrimination Relative to Animal Abuse
There are certain factors, known as “aggravating factors”, that distinguish the severity of violent crimes. Some of these factors include the helplessness of the victim, the amount of pain and suffering inflicted upon them, and the necessity of the means used to commit the crime against the victim (for example, the use of a knife to cause death by repeated stabbing when a gun was readily available.) These factors are what cause certain crimes to be deemed “heinous” and “depraved”, and thus prosecuted more aggressively than others. Violence against animals should be no exception to these considerations, and should be just as aggressively prosecuted as violence against another human.
Very often, animals kept for commercial purposes are housed in unsanitary conditions that are imposed on them out of the interest of maximizing profit, with no effort spared to minimize suffering and discomfort and fear. These kinds of conditions can be seen in slaughterhouses and similar facilities. This kind of neglect is disgusting enough, and that's not to mention the utter depravity inherent in the character of one who deliberately harms, tortures, and/or murders animals just for personal enjoyment or thrill. Individuals who are guilty of animal cruelty deserve to pay a cost as dear as if it were a human they were victimizing, and when they aren't made to, it only worsens and perpetuates the issue.
Traditionally in the United States judicial system, to determine that a crime has been committed, there are two elements that must be present. They are known by their latin expressions as “actus reus” and “mens rea,” or the “guilty act” and the “guilty intent,” respectively. Considering intent, the greater the intent held by the perpetrator to cause harm and suffering to the victim, the more heinous the act is, and thus the more deserving of a harsher punishment. By this logic, the most depraved and heinous acts of criminal violence occur when perpetrators intentionally target the weak, put them in a state of increased vulnerability/defensiveness, and deliberately expose them to conditions which cause pain, fear, and suffering, for the sole purpose of profit or for simple enjoyment. These individuals are deemed the greatest threat to society, and are the most likely to receive the highest punishment under the law in order to protect society from future acts of depravity. The threat they pose is not so much in their ability to commit murder or to harm another; any human could potentially do either one of these things. The threat lies in their careless attitude towards the suffering of another living thing, as this denotes a seriously maladapted and malicious character, prone to act on selfish impulse with disregard to the law and to the lives of others. Most often, the types of individuals who commit these crimes are what are known as “sociopaths”, “psychopaths” or, diagnostically, as having “antisocial personality disorder”.
Sociopaths are pathologically, incorrigibly selfish. They do not feel guilt or remorse, they do not love, are incapable of empathy and compassion, and they do not fear the consequences of their actions. The serial killer Ted Bundy, who brutally murdered more than 30 young women throughout the 1970’s, is a prime example of a sociopath. Is it any surprise that animal cruelty and torture is listed as one of the number one behavioral indicators that predict sociopathy in adults?
In considering the state of the victim during the commission of a crime, aggravating factors include the degree of harm and suffering inflicted, the helplessness and defenselessness of the victim, and also (to an extent) the provocation of the perpetrator by the victim. The victims ability to comprehend exactly what is happening to them is not one such factor; baby killers and killers of the mentally challenged are often sentenced more harshly than violent crimes against an average adult. If the mentally underdeveloped (as infants or those with mental disorders) receive equal representation and consideration in the pursuit of justice under the law, then why should animals not receive such consideration as well? The issue then becomes one of an arbitrary “I’m better than you” attitude, which between humans, is known as discrimination, and is illegal. Discrimination against a member of another species, especially when that member is of a higher degree of emotional and/or intellectual capacity, is thus on par with racial discrimination or discrimination against the mentally challenged. Though it may not be considered legally unconstitutional, it is certainly morally unconstitutional, when seen in the context of an unprovoked act of violence or harmful negligence against another sentient being.
There are those who would argue with me on this, claiming that animal intelligence is overestimated, or even non-existant, denying that there are any other sentient beings besides man. Any emotions said to be exhibited by animals are, according to these disbelievers, the result of humans projecting our own image onto animals and falsely ascribing human characteristics to them. This blog is intended to provide evidence to the contrary, and thus reinforce my position on the necessity of more aggressive investigation and prosecution of animal abusers.
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